ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the AIDS awareness and related factors as well as the demands for AIDS-related health education programs, among first-grade students from three senior high schools in Tianjin.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study using both stratified cluster and convenient sampling methods was conducted. Anonymous questionnaires including social demographic characteristics, AIDS-related knowledge and needs for AIDS health education were distributed to the first-grade students from two general middle schools and one vocational senior middle school in Tianjin.@*Results@#A total of 1 082 students were responding to the questionnaires. Among them, the overall awareness rates of AIDS-related knowledge were 34.3%(371/1 082), 71.9%(778/1 082) of the students had received knowledge about AIDS and 59.4% (643/1 082) of the students had received knowledge about sexual health in the past, from the three schools. There appeared statistical differences among the two types of schools. 7.0% (76/1 082) of the students reported having had sexual behaviors. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, in vocational senior middle school, the awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was lower (compared with general middle school, OR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.29-0.59) and in the following items, including no need in receiving safe sex health knowledge (compared with needs of safe sex health knowledge, OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.43-0.91), no interests in reading AIDS-related health education materials (compared with attention to AIDS health education materials, OR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.30-0.56), not aware of safe sex behavior (compared with aware of safe sex behavior, OR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.39-0.77), not aware of correct condom use, compared with aware of correct condom use (OR=0.33, 95%CI: 0.24-0.46).@*Conclusions@#The overall awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was low among the first-grade students in Tianjin. Some students reported of already having had insertive sex, sexual health knowledge has a significant impact on AIDS knowledge, suggesting that sexual health education and AIDS health education among high school students be strengthened in Tianjin.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the predictors of condom-use self-efficacy in Chinese college students according to the extended parallel process model (EPPM)-based integrated model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 3,081 college students were anonymously surveyed through self-administered questionnaires in Guangzhou and Harbin, China. A structural equation model was applied to assess the integrated model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the participants, 1,387 (46.7%) were male, 1,586 (53.3%) were female, and the average age was 18.6 years. The final integrated model was acceptable. Apart from the direct effect (r = 0.23), perceived severity had two indirect effects on condom-use self-efficacy through the attitude to HIV education (r = 0.40) and intention to engage in premarital sex (r = -0.16), respectively. However, the perceived susceptibility mediated through the intention to engage in premarital sex (intent-to-premarital-sex) had a poor indirect impact on condom-use self-efficacy (total effect was -0.06). Furthermore, attitude toward HIV health education (r = 0.49) and intent-to-premarital-sex (r = -0.31) had a strong direct effect on condom-use self-efficacy. In addition, male students perceived higher susceptibility, stronger intent-to-premarital-sex, and lower condom-use self-efficacy than female students.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The integrated model may be used to assess the determinants of condom-use self-efficacy among Chinese college students. Future research should focus on raising the severity perception, HIV-risk-reduction motivation, and the premarital abstinence intention among college students. Furthermore, considering the gender differences observed in the present survey, single-sex HIV education is required in school-based HIV/sex intervention.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Asian People , Condoms , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Models, Theoretical , Risk Factors , Self Efficacy , Sexual Behavior , Students , UniversitiesABSTRACT
Objective To understand the incidence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Methods Meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports published during 2010-2015 on the incidence of HIV infection among MSM in China. Pooled incidence,pooled hazard ratios,publication bias,heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or analyzed by using Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 24 studies were analyzed. Pooled incidence of HIV infection among MSM in China was 5.0/100 person year;Based on HIV case report,severe epidemic areas had higher HIV incidence than other areas(4.9/100 person year vs. 3.4/100 person year). Low education level(HR=1.61,95%CI:1.21-2.15),syphilis prevalence(HR=3.22,95%CI:2.21-4.70),unprotected anal sex(HR=2.92,95%CI:1.51-5.63),minority ethnic group(HR=4.01,95%CI:1.96-8.21), commercial sex(HR=4.11,95%CI:1.47-11.46) and multiple sexual partners(HR=2.31,95%CI:1.60-3.34)were the risk factors for HIV incidence. Conclusion Pooled incidence of HIV infection among MSM was 5.0% in China. Low education level,syphilis prevalence,unprotected anal sex, minority ethnic group,commercial sex and multiple sexual partners were the risk factors for HIV infection.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the compliance of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and influencing factors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nanjing. Methods PLWHA receiving HAART in No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing during May-June 2014 were recruited in this study. Self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect the data about HAART compliance and socio-demographic characteristics of PLWHA surveyed. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis were conducted to examine the effects of the factors on self-reported HAART adherence. Results A total of 276 PLWHA were surveyed,According to the evaluation criterion of Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE),252 cases showed good compliance (91.3%). logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking,progress of the disease and side effects,reminding of taking drug and age were correlated with self-reported HAART adherence. Conclusion It is suggested to strengthen the education about antiviral therapy compliance in PLWHA with mild infection and those who are smokers and young,suffer from side effects,have no reminding methods for taking drug.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the incidence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Methods Meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports published during 2010-2015 on the incidence of HIV infection among MSM in China. Pooled incidence,pooled hazard ratios,publication bias,heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or analyzed by using Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 24 studies were analyzed. Pooled incidence of HIV infection among MSM in China was 5.0/100 person year;Based on HIV case report,severe epidemic areas had higher HIV incidence than other areas(4.9/100 person year vs. 3.4/100 person year). Low education level(HR=1.61,95%CI:1.21-2.15),syphilis prevalence(HR=3.22,95%CI:2.21-4.70),unprotected anal sex(HR=2.92,95%CI:1.51-5.63),minority ethnic group(HR=4.01,95%CI:1.96-8.21), commercial sex(HR=4.11,95%CI:1.47-11.46) and multiple sexual partners(HR=2.31,95%CI:1.60-3.34)were the risk factors for HIV incidence. Conclusion Pooled incidence of HIV infection among MSM was 5.0% in China. Low education level,syphilis prevalence,unprotected anal sex, minority ethnic group,commercial sex and multiple sexual partners were the risk factors for HIV infection.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the compliance of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and influencing factors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nanjing. Methods PLWHA receiving HAART in No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing during May-June 2014 were recruited in this study. Self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect the data about HAART compliance and socio-demographic characteristics of PLWHA surveyed. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis were conducted to examine the effects of the factors on self-reported HAART adherence. Results A total of 276 PLWHA were surveyed,According to the evaluation criterion of Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE),252 cases showed good compliance (91.3%). logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking,progress of the disease and side effects,reminding of taking drug and age were correlated with self-reported HAART adherence. Conclusion It is suggested to strengthen the education about antiviral therapy compliance in PLWHA with mild infection and those who are smokers and young,suffer from side effects,have no reminding methods for taking drug.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the characteristics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HIV/AIDS cases from 2005 to 2012 that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified on the Chinese HIV/AIDS case reporting system. Descriptive and spatial analyses were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 103,559 female HIV/AIDS cases were included in our study. Based on the descriptive analysis, between 2005 and 2012, the proportion of heterosexually acquired HIV infection among women (15-49 years) increased rapidly from 35.8% to 87.4%. Approximately 60% of these cases were infected through non-marital heterosexual contact. Among older women (40-49 years), a slightly increasing trend was identified. The spatial analysis detected 'hot spots' in the Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Chongqing provinces. The epidemic trends in these areas were predominately driven by heterosexual transmission.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Non-marital heterosexual contact is a very important factor in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years, and the HIV infection rate in older women is increasing. Several epidemic hot spots were detected in northwestern and southwestern China. Efficient interventions are needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS among women living in these areas.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Epidemics , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Sexual Partners , Time FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the economic burden caused by antiretroviral treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS and influencing factors in Nanjing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>People living with HIV/AIDS were divided into two groups, HIV infected patients and AIDS patients. The data about their direct medical expenditure, direct non-medical expenditure and indirect economic loss in the past year were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to identify the potential influencing factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The median of direct medical expenditure and total costs for 133 HIV infected patients were 1,200 yuan RMB and 1,972 yuan RMB respectively. The median of direct medical expenditure and total costs for 145 AIDS patients were 1 060 yuan RMB and 2 826 yuan RMB respectively. The differences in direct medical expenditure and total costs between HIV infected patients and AIDS patients showed no statistical significance. The results from univariate analysis indicated that the sample source influenced total costs significantly. Multivariate analysis showed that onset time and CD level were negatively correlated with direct medical expenditure. The patients infected through heterosexual contact had more direct medical expenditure than those infected through homosexual contact. The patients receiving HIV test in hospitals had more direct medical expenditure than those receiving volunteer counseling and testing.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Further efforts should be made to expand HIV testing and treatment coverage in order to detect HIV infections as early as possible. Early antiretroviral treatment should be given to HIV infected patients to maintain their immunity and reduce their medical expenditure.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Drug Therapy , Economics , Anti-Retroviral Agents , Economics , Therapeutic Uses , China , Cost of Illness , Counseling , HIV Infections , Drug Therapy , Economics , Health Expenditures , Heterosexuality , Mass Screening , Voluntary ProgramsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the compliance of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and influencing factors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nanjing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PLWHA receiving HAART in No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing during May-June 2014 were recruited in this study. Self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect the data about HAART compliance and socio-demographic characteristics of PLWHA surveyed. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis were conducted to examine the effects of the factors on self-reported HAART adherence.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 276 PLWHA were surveyed, According to the evaluation criterion of Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE), 252 cases showed good compliance (91.3%). logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking, progress of the disease and side effects, reminding of taking drug and age were correlated with self-reported HAART adherence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is suggested to strengthen the education about antiviral therapy compliance in PLWHA with mild infection and those who are smokers and young, suffer from side effects, have no reminding methods for taking drug.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Drug Therapy , Age Factors , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Antiviral Agents , Therapeutic Uses , China , Disease Progression , HIV Infections , Drug Therapy , Medication Adherence , Reminder Systems , Smoking , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the incidence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports published during 2010-2015 on the incidence of HIV infection among MSM in China. Pooled incidence, pooled hazard ratios, publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or analyzed by using Stata 12.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 24 studies were analyzed. Pooled incidence of HIV infection among MSM in China was 5.0/100 person year; Based on HIV case report, severe epidemic areas had higher HIV incidence than other areas (4.9/100 person year vs. 3.4/100 person year). Low education level (HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.21-2.15), syphilis prevalence (HR = 3.22, 95% CI: 2.21-4.70), unprotected anal sex (HR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.51-5.63), minority ethnic group (HR = 4.01, 95% CI: 1.96-8.21), commercial sex (HR = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.47-11.46) and multiple sexual partners (HR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.60-3.34) were the risk factors for HIV incidence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pooled incidence of HIV infection among MSM was 5.0% in China. Low education level, syphilis prevalence, unprotected anal sex, minority ethnic group, commercial sex and multiple sexual partners were the risk factors for HIV infection.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , China , Epidemiology , Educational Status , Ethnicity , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male , Psychology , Incidence , Minority Groups , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Work , Sexual Partners , Syphilis , Epidemiology , Unsafe SexABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the incidence of drop out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with AIDS/HIV and related factors in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, and Yuncheng, Shanxi province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Retrospective cohort analysis was conducted. The cumulative incidence curves of drop out of ART, mortality and drug withdrawal were drawn with Kaplan-Meier method. The related factors were identified with Cox proportional hazards regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1 006 patients were included in Yuncheng, the median length of ART follow-up was 49.59 months (QR: 20.02-92.84), and 976 patients were included in Nanjing, the median length of ART follow-up was 19.93 months (QR: 11.48-34.07). The cumulative incidence of drop out of ART at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 4 years, 8 years after ART was 8.19%, 9.23%, 11.08%, 13.75%, 17.74%, 27.66% in Yuncheng, and 3.01%, 5.17%, 7.47%, 10.97%, 17.45%, 28.72% in Nanjing respectively. Age, marital status, infection route, baseline CD4 cell count, the clinical stage classified by WHO at the end of the observation were correlated with the drop out of ART.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In order to reduce the drop out of ART among people living with AIDS/HIV, it is necessary to conduct effective interventions targeting the patients with young age, the patients who divorced/widowed, the patients who were intravenous drug users, the patients with higher CD4 cell count at the beginning of ART and clinical stage III or IV at the end of the follow-up and increase the coverage of HIV test.</p>